>> ♪ R >> ♪ REMINISCING OF ANOTHER ♪ ♪ TIME ♪ ♪ IN ANOTHER STATE OF MIND ♪ ♪ HA HA ♪ >> ♪ OH, FREEDOM ♪ ♪ OH, FREEDOM ♪ >> SING IT, SISTER!
>> ♪ OH FREEDOM OVER ME ♪ >> SOMETIMES YOU CAN'T HAVE A CONVERSATION WITH ANOTHER PERSON AND TELL THEM HOW YOU FEEL.
BUT YOU CAN SING A SONG AND DO A BETTER JOB AT COMMUNICATING.
>> ♪ BACK IN THE DAY ♪ ♪ WHEN OUR PEEPS HAD TO FIGHT ♪ ♪ FOR OUR RIGHTS ♪ ♪ TO MAKE THE DAY FEEL A'IGHT ♪ >> WHAT MUSIC DOES IS JUST, LIKE, ALLOWS PEOPLE TO KNOW WHAT'S UP, WHAT'S HIP.
>> ♪ SOCK IT TO ME ♪ ♪ SOCK IT TO ME ♪ >> ♪ LITTLE RESPECT ♪ >> ♪ SOCK IT TO ME ♪ ♪ SOCK IT TO ME, SOCK IT TO ME ♪ >> WE HAVE NOWHERE ELSE TO GO BUT FORWARD.
>> ♪ LITTLE RESPECT ♪ >> ♪ JUST A LITTLE BIT ♪ >> ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ >> ♪ GHETTO SPEAK ♪ >> ♪ THE PRIDE ♪ ♪ IN PEOPLE'S STRIDE ♪ >> I DON'T KNOW OF ANY MOVEMENT THAT HAS NOT HAD A SOUNDTRACK.
>> ♪ WE RESERVE THE RIGHT ♪ ♪ TO BE NOTHING BUT A MAN ♪ ♪ NOTHING BUT A WOMAN ♪ [deliberate piano music] ♪ ♪ >> ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ TO CANAAN LAND ♪ ♪ I'M ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ WELL, TO CANAAN LAND ♪ ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ OH, YES ♪ ♪ CANAAN LAND ♪ ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ GLORY HALLELUJAH ♪ ♪ I'M ON MY WAY ♪ >> HOW IMPORTANT IS GOSPEL MUSIC TO THE SOUL GENRE?
I GUESS IT IS THE GENESIS OF IT.
NOT ONLY OF THAT GENRE, BUT I THINK IT IS THE GENESIS OF ALL MUSIC.
>> EVERYBODY CAME OUT THE CHURCH.
THAT WAS REQUIRED LEARNING.
>> WE HAD TO GO TO CHURCH.
>> ♪ GLORY HALLELUJAH ♪ ♪ I'M ON MY WAY ♪ >> YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT THAT WAS OUR SURVIVAL DURING ALL OF THOSE STRUGGLED TIMES AND THAT KIND OF THING.
IT WAS ALL ABOUT OUR FAITH AND THE SPIRITUAL MUSIC THAT WE HELD ON TO THAT WAS SO MUCH A PART OF US.
>> THE QUESTION IS, DID THE MUSIC AFFECT THE MOVEMENT, OR DID THE MOVEMENT AFFECT THE MUSIC?
AND IT'S ONE OF THOSE CHICKEN-AND-EGG KIND OF QUESTIONS.
>> ♪ IF YOU DON'T GO ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU HINDER ME ♪ ♪ IF YOU DON'T GO ♪ ♪ HINDER ME ♪ >> IT DEPENDS ON SO MANY ELEMENTS.
IT DEPENDS ON WHERE THE SOCIAL EAR IS AT THE TIME.
I THINK LIFE GOVERNS WHAT PEOPLE ARE FEELING MUSICALLY.
>> SINGING HAS JUST BEEN A PART OF ALL OF OUR LIVES.
>> I HAVE A VERY DIFFICULT TIME IMAGINING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OCCURRING WITHOUT THE MUSIC TO GO ALONG WITH IT.
>> THE MUSIC WAS THE SOUL OF THE MOVEMENT.
>> IT JUST SEEMED LIKE THAT'S WHAT MADE IT HAPPEN.
>> ♪ I'M FALLING AND RISING ♪ ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ ♪ GLORY HALLELUJAH ♪ ♪ ON MY WAY ♪ >> NOW, MARTIN LUTHER KING WAS PART OF--HE WAS PART OF A MIDDLE-CLASS BAPTIST CHURCH.
AND I WAS PART OF THE MIDDLE-CLASS CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
>> ♪ KEEP YOUR EYES ♪ ♪ ON THE PRIZE ♪ ♪ OH, LORD ♪ ♪ OH, LORD ♪ >> BUT THE MOVEMENT WAS, BY AND LARGE, THE MASSES.
AND THEY WERE MUCH CLOSER TO THE SPIRITUALS, AND NOT THE SPIRITUALS AS ARRANGED BY THE FISK JUBILEE SINGERS, SEE, BUT THE SPIRITUALS AS MAHALIA AND THE OLD-TIME GOSPEL SINGERS SANG THEM, THE FIVE BLIND BOYS OF ALABAMA.
WE USED TO LISTEN TO THAT EVERY MORNING IN MY HOUSE.
AND THAT'S THE WAY YOU STARTED YOUR SUNDAY.
>> ♪ FREE AT LAST ♪ ♪ FREE AT LAST ♪ ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ ONE DAY, ONE DAY ♪ ♪ I WAS WALKING ALONG ♪ >> ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ I HEARD A VOICE ♪ ♪ BUT I SAW NO ONE ♪ >> ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ FREE AT LAST ♪ ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ HE MISSED THE SOUL ♪ ♪ THAT HE THOUGHT HE HAD ♪ >> ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ FREE AT LAST ♪ ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ FREE AT LAST ♪ ♪ THANK GOD ALMIGHTY ♪ ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> ♪ I'M FREE AT LAST ♪ >> WELL, BEING RAISED UP IN THE BAPTIST CHURCH, MUSIC IS VERY STRONG, VERY STRONG WITH US.
MUSIC HELPS YOU TO FOCUS ON WHERE YOU'RE GOING AND THE WORDS AND THE BEAT.
BUT WHEN YOU HEAR IT, IT'S LIKE--IT'S LIKE A-- LIKE SOMEONE GIVES YOU A PILL, AND YOU'RE FEELING BAD, AND THIS PILL KIND OF PERKS YOU UP.
>> ♪ I DON'T KNOW BUT I ♪ >> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> ♪ SHALL NOT BE MOVED NOW ♪ >> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> ♪ WHOA OH OH OH OH WHOA ♪ >> THE SONG THAT STICK WITH ME IS I SHALL NOT BE MOVED.
I SHALL NOT BE MOVED.
AND THAT ONE HELPED ME IN A DEMONSTRATION ONCE IN NASHVILLE.
THIS IS '60.
THIS WAS AT A STAND-IN AT THE THEATERS.
AND THIS FELLOW WALKED UP TO ME, WHITE FELLOW WITH A CIGARETTE, AND HE SAID HE WAS GONNA PUT IT OUT ON MY FACE.
AND SO WHAT WAS IN MY HEAD THEN IS I SHALL NOT BE MOVED.
>> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> ♪ SHALL NOT BE MOVED NOW ♪ >> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> AND THE MOMENT THAT I'M STANDING THERE, I'M THINKING ABOUT THAT WE SHOULD NOT BE MOVED AND SETTING MY MIND, PUTTING MY MIND STRONGLY ON THAT.
I THINK WHAT MADE HIM TURN AROUND: HE DIDN'T SEE FEAR.
I THINK HE SAW A STRONG PERSON THERE.
AND HE DIDN'T SEE ANY FEAR ON MY FACE.
>> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ ♪ SHALL NOT ♪ ♪ BE MOVED ♪ >> WHEN I WAS 20, EZELL BLAIR AND THE THREE OTHER YOUNG MEN FROM NORTH CAROLINA A&T, IN 1961, STARTED THE SIT-INS.
THEY WERE MY FIRST ROLE MODELS.
THEY PROVIDED ME WITH A PICTURE OF WHAT IT MEANT TO BE-- IN EFFECT, WHAT IT MEANT TO BE A CITIZEN.
WHEN THE FREEDOM RIDES STARTED THE NEXT SPRING, I WAS VERY EXCITED ABOUT THAT AND WENT TO A FUND-RAISER THAT THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY HAD ARRANGED.
AND I REMEMBER LOOKING AT MY GIRLFRIEND WINNIE AND SAYING, "I'M GOING."
>> ♪ WENT IN THE VALLEY ♪ ♪ THEN GONNA STAY ♪ >> MY PARENTS WERE A YOUNG, HIP COUPLE.
SO THE STRUGGLES THAT WERE GOING ON IN THE SOUTH AT THAT PARTICULAR TIME AND HEARD ABOUT ON THE RADIO, READ ABOUT IN EBONY AND JET.
AS A KID, YOU COULDN'T HELP BUT TO BE KIND OF CONSCIOUS OF THE FACT THAT THERE WAS SOMETHING GOING ON THAT WASN'T FUN AND GAMES, THAT WAS REALLY, YOU KNOW, SERIOUS, 'CAUSE THE MUSIC OF THAT TIME WAS THAT OF INSPIRATION, HOPE.
>> ♪ SHALL NOT BE MOVED NOW ♪ >> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> THE FREEDOM RIDES ACTUALLY WERE STARTED BY C.O.R.E., CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY.
THE BUS IN ANNISTON WAS BOMBED.
AND THE TRAILWAY BUS WENT TO BIRMINGHAM.
THAT'S WHERE THEY WERE PULLED OFF, AND THE FREEDOM RIDERS WERE BEATEN.
JIM PECK HAD ABOUT 50 STITCHES CLOSE HIS WOUNDS ON HIS HEAD.
AND GOVERNOR JOHN PATTERSON, AT THAT TIME, REFUSED TO GIVE ANY KIND OF LOCAL PROTECTION TO THE FREEDOM RIDERS.
[indistinct shouting] >> EXPLOSIVE DEMONSTRATIONS ROCKED THE NORTH AS WELL AS THE SOUTH, AS NEGROES STRUGGLED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES.
[indistinct shouting] >> AND WHAT REALLY STICKS IN MY MIND, WHICH I CAN ALMOST SEE THEM NOW, IS THE WHITE WOMEN WITH THE BABIES SCREAMING, "KILL THEM NIGGERS.
KILL THEM NIGGERS."
>> THE REAL TEST OF NONVIOLENCE IS NOT HOW MUCH VIOLENCE IS PERPETRATED AGAINST YOU, BUT IT'S YOUR RESPONSE.
HOW DO YOU RESPOND TO VIOLENCE?
C.O.R.E.
DECIDED THAT THEY WOULD RESPOND TO ROBERT KENNEDY'S REQUEST, AND THAT WAS TO HAVE A COOLING-OFF PERIOD RATHER THAN GETTING SOMEONE KILLED.
>> WHEN C.O.R.E.
DECIDED THAT IT WAS TOO DANGEROUS TO CONTINUE, WE SAID, "IT MUST CONTINUE.
WE CAN'T STOP HERE.
WE MUST GO THROUGH."
I WAS READY.
>> ♪ I SHALL NOT BE MOVED ♪ >> WHEN YOU'RE 18, YOU TEND NOT TO BE AS AFRAID.
WE LEFT AT NIGHT BECAUSE WE WOULD NOT BE AS VISIBLE TO PEOPLE OUTSIDE THE BUS.
WE WERE NOT ATTACKED EN ROUTE.
THE TRIP TO THE JACKSON BUS TERMINAL WAS WITHOUT INCIDENT.
AND WHAT I DO REMEMBER IS GETTING OFF THE BUS, THE NERVOUSNESS THAT I HAD BEGUN TO FEEL WHEN I GOT OFF THE BUS, THE SUDDEN ANXIETY THAT I COULD BE SERIOUSLY HURT.
>> GO HOME, #*#*#*#*#*#*.
>> GO HOME, #*#*#*#*#*#*!
>> I HAD NEVER FELT THAT BEFORE.
BEING BLACK MEANT YOU FELT THAT A LOT.
THERE WAS PADDY WAGON OUTSIDE.
THERE WERE COPS.
THERE WAS A CROWD.
AND THEN THERE WAS NOISE.
WE WERE PUSHED.
WE WERE SHOVED.
PEOPLE TRIED TO PUNCH US.
I WAS NOT FAMILIAR WITH THAT KIND OF UNBRIDLED HATRED.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET NOBODY ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET NOBODY ♪ >> I RECALL THE GROUP GOING INSIDE THE GREYHOUND BUS STATION, WHICH WAS LOCATED ON LAMAR STREET.
A FRIEND OF MINE, WE KIND OF WENT OVER TO SEE WHAT WAS HAPPENING.
I ENDED UP INSIDE OF THE GREYHOUND BUS STATION.
AND THERE, I WAS ARRESTED.
I WAS 14 AT THE TIME.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET NO FEAR ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET NO FEAR ♪ ♪ LORD ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ I'M GONNA KEEP ON A-WALKING ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-TALKING ♪ ♪ MARCHING UP TO FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> WE WAS IN JAIL HERE IN JACKSON.
IT WAS A 20-BED CELL.
I RECALL THE GUARDS WOULD COME IN AT NIGHT AND THROW KEYS AND THROW DIFFERENT OBJECTS IN THE CELL ON US.
AND WE DECIDED THAT, "HEY, THIS IS ENOUGH, NO MORE, NO MORE."
I RECALL QUITE VIVIDLY A GUY BY THE NAME OF JAMES BEVEL, BLACK MINISTER DURING THE TIME, AND HE STARTED OFF... ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET NOBODY ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ AND, MAN, IT SEEMED AS THOUGH HIS VOICE OF THE SONG JUST MORE OR LESS ENERGIZED ALL OF US.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ INTIMIDATION ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ INTIMIDATION ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-WALKING ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-TALKING ♪ ♪ MARCHING UP TO FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> EVEN RIGHT NOW, I CAN VISUALIZE HIM LEADING US IN THAT SONG, "AIN'T GONNA LET NOBODY TURN US AROUND."
>> ♪ TURN ME AROUND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ THIS WORLD ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-WALKING ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-TALKING ♪ ♪ MARCHING UP TO FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET INJUSTICE ♪ >> WE BEGAN SINGING THE SONG, AND WE KIND OF CHANGED OURSELVES TOGETHER.
>> ♪ OH, TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ INJUSTICE, MY LORD ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ I'M GONNA KEEP ON A-WALKING ♪ ♪ AND JUST KEEP ON A-TALKIN ♪ ♪ WHILE I'M MARCHING ♪ ♪ UP TO FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> AND WE WAS READY FOR WHATEVER CAME THROUGH THAT DOOR.
WHATEVER THEY PUT ON US THAT DAY, WE WAS GONNA PUT IT BACK ON THEM.
AND I REALLY THINK THEY HAD A SENSE OF SOMETHING, 'CAUSE WE WERE SINGING ALL THE TIME, YOU KNOW.
THAT'S BASICALLY WHAT WE DID, SANG SONGS.
BUT THIS PARTICULAR SONG, AND AT THIS PARTICULAR MOMENT, WE FELT LIKE HERCULES.
>> ♪ OH, DON'T YOU LET NOBODY ♪ >> ♪ TURN YOU ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN YOU ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN YOU ROUND ♪ >> ♪ AND DON'T YOU LET NOBODY ♪ >> ♪ TURN YOU ROUND ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-WALKING ♪ ♪ KEEP ON A-TALKING ♪ ♪ MARCHING UP TO FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> AND FOR WHATEVER REASON OR REASONS, THEY CHOSE NOT TO COME IN THAT DAY.
AND I CAN SIT BACK NOW AND SAY I'M GLAD THEY DIDN'T.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ NO FEAR, LORD ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ I'M GONNA KEEP ON A WALKING ♪ >> THERE WERE A LOT OF DAYS IN JAIL THAT, LIKE I SAID, WE DIDN'T HAVE ANYTHING TO DO BUT SING.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ INTIMIDATION ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> I WAS BEATEN SEVERAL TIMES IN THE JAIL.
AND THE ONLY RECOURSE WE HAD WAS TO SING.
I RECALL NOT BEING FED FOR SEVERAL DAYS.
AND THE ONLY THING WE COULD DO WAS SING.
I REMEMBER THE WATER BEING CUT OFF, AND EVERYBODY WAS DEFECATING, BUT IT COULDN'T BE FLUSHED, AND THERE WAS AN ODOR.
WHAT COULD YOU DO?
SING.
>> ♪ AIN'T GONNA LET ♪ ♪ THIS WORLD ♪ >> ♪ TURN ME ROUND ♪ >> AND THOSE SONGS, IT PUT YOU IN ANOTHER STATE OF MIND.
IT TAKE YOU AWAY FROM WHAT IS AT HAND.
IT JUST MADE A DIFFERENCE.
>> ♪ MARCHING UP TO ♪ ♪ FREEDOM LAND ♪ >> ♪ OH, FREEDOM ♪ ♪ OH, FREEDOM ♪ >> SING IT, SISTER!
>> ♪ OH FREEDOM OVER ME ♪ ♪ AND BEFORE I'D BE A SLAVE ♪ ♪ I'LL BE BURIED IN MY GRAVE ♪ ♪ AND GO HOME TO MY LORD ♪ ♪ AND BE FREE ♪ >> THE OLD GOSPEL STUFF WAS TRANSLATED, AND A LOT OF THAT WAS PART OF--BECAME-- THEY BECAME MOVEMENT SONGS, AND WITH NEW LYRICS.
>> ♪ AND BEFORE I'D BE SLAVE ♪ ♪ I'LL BE BURIED IN MY GRAVE ♪ ♪ AND GO HOME TO MY LORD ♪ >> IT WAS POETRY THAT BECAME AS ALMOST AS COMMON AS LOVE SONGS.
AND ALSO DIRECTION SONGS.
>> I THINK THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT WAS A WATERSHED FOR AMERICA, FOR THE WORLD.
AND I'M PROUD THAT MUSIC PLAYED A PART IN IT.
I GET TOO MUCH CREDIT, 'CAUSE I INTRODUCED SOME SONGS.
WELL, I DIDN'T WRITE THEM.
AND THE PEOPLE WHO REALLY USED THEM WERE HEROIC PEOPLE IN PLACES LIKE ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI.
>> ♪ HERE'S TO THE STATE ♪ ♪ OF MISSISSIPPI ♪ ♪ FOR UNDERNEATH HER BORDERS ♪ ♪ THE DEVIL DRAWS NO LINE ♪ ♪ IF YOU DRAG ♪ ♪ HER MUDDY RIVERS ♪ ♪ NAMELESS BODIES ♪ ♪ YOU WILL FIND ♪ >> THE FOLK COMMUNITY AND THE THINGS THAT WERE HAPPENING IN AMERICA WERE EXTRAORDINARILY INTIMATE FOR US, AND YET WE WERE VERY FAR FROM IT.
AND THERE WAS A SHYNESS ABOUT, "WHY DO WHITE KIDS CARE ABOUT OUR STORIES?"
BUT SOMEHOW, THAT BLEW OVER.
WHEN I CAME TO B.U.
THEATER SCHOOL IN 1958, JOAN BAEZ AND I WERE IN THE SAME CLASS, AND WE SPENT A GREAT DEAL OF TIME GOOFING OFF.
DYLAN WAS IN AND OUT OF THE CAMBRIDGE SCENE BACK IN THOSE DAYS.
HE SORT OF PICKED UP HIS CAMBRIDGE TRIBE.
AND THERE WERE ABOUT EIGHT OF US.
AND WE'D GET IN A BIG VAN, AND WE'D GO OUT TO BRANDEIS, WHERE HE WOULD BE SINGING, OR WE'D DRIVE TO NORTH HAMPTON, WHERE HE WAS SINGING.
THERE WAS A SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT THAT WE WERE SORT OF HANDED THROUGH THE MUSIC.
AND WE COULD CHOOSE TO TURN AROUND AND BE BETTER PEOPLE.
>> ♪ IT'S A LONG WALK TO D.C. ♪ ♪ BUT I GOT ♪ ♪ MY WALKING SHOES ON ♪ >> ♪ ALL THE WAY TO WASHINGTON ♪ >> WE WENT TO DR. KING'S CHURCH.
HE SAID, "I'M GLAD TO HAVE POPS STAPLES AND HIS DAUGHTERS HERE."
WHEN THE SERVICE WAS OVER, DR. KING WAS STANDING AT THE DOOR.
THEN POPS, HE STOOD THERE AND TALKED TO HIM FOR A WHILE.
WELL, AFTER POPS FINALLY CAME ON, WE WENT TO THE HOTEL.
HE CALLED US TO HIS ROOM.
HE SAID, "LISTEN, Y'ALL, I REALLY LIKE THIS MAN'S MESSAGE.
I REALLY LIKE HIS MESSAGE.
AND I THINK THAT IF HE CAN PREACH IT, WE CAN SING IT."
AND WE BEGAN WRITING FREEDOM SONGS.
WE JOINED THE MOVEMENT.
THEN WE WROTE IT'S A LONG WALK TO D.C., BUT I GOT MY WALKING SHOES ON.
>> ♪ BEFORE I MAKE IT THERE ♪ ♪ GOT TO KEEP MOVING ON ♪ ♪ SHOULD HAVE BEEN GONE, HONEY ♪ ♪ YESTERDAY ♪ ♪ BUT TODAY I'M LEAVING HERE ♪ ♪ I GOT A DIME ♪ ♪ FOR SOME COFFEE ♪ ♪ GOT A DIME ♪ ♪ TO BUY ME A CAKE ♪ >> ♪ OH, YEAH ♪ >> ♪ I GOTTA SEE THE PRESIDENT ♪ ♪ NO MATTER WHAT IT TAKES ♪ ♪ I TELL YOU IT'S A ♪ ♪ LONG WALK TO D.C., YEAH ♪ >> THE MUSIC BROUGHT HOME TO US A THING THAT HAS NEVER CHANGED IN MOST OF US, THAT THERE WERE THINGS THAT NEED FIXING IN THIS COUNTRY.
>> I DON'T THINK THERE WAS ANY POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN HISTORY THAT HAD AS MUCH SINGING AS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT HAD.
RIGHT FROM THE START, DECEMBER 1955, WHEN THE BUS BOYCOTT HAD STARTED, RIGHT UP THROUGH THE '60s, NEW SONGS EVERY MONTH.
QUITE OFTEN, THEY WERE GOSPEL SONGS WITH NEW WORDS.
I LEARNED WE SHALL OVERCOME IN 1946 OR 1947 FROM ZILPHIA HORTON.
HOWEVER, IT WAS A FELLOW TEN YEARS YOUNGER THAN I, GUY CARAWAN, WHO INTRODUCED IT TO THE YOUNG MEMBERS OF THE STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE, KNOWN AS SNCC FOR SHORT.
AND THEY SAID, "OH, THIS IS A SONG."
AND A MONTH LATER, IT WAS ALL THROUGH THE COUNTRY.
NOT JUST A SONG; IT WAS THE SONG.
AND THEY GAVE IT THE GOSPEL BEAT, AND THEY ADDED THIS HOLDING HANDS CROSSED.
YOUR LEFT HAND HOLDS THE RIGHT HAND OF SOMEBODY TO YOUR RIGHT.
AND YOUR RIGHT HAND HOLDS THE LEFT HAND OF SOMEBODY TO YOUR LEFT.
AND YOU SWAY.
AH, THE SONG'S HEARD AROUND THE WORLD.
SOUTH AFRICA KNOWS IT.
INDIA, IT'S SUNG IN ALL THE SCHOOLS OF INDIA IN THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE.
ASTONISHING.
>> ♪ WE SHALL OVERCOME ♪ ♪ SOMEDAY ♪ >> ♪ WE'LL WALK HAND IN HAND ♪ >> ♪ WE'LL WALK HAND IN HAND ♪ ♪ WE'LL WALK... ♪ >> I MEAN, YOU SANG UP ON YOUR NERVE.
AND YOU GET KNOCKED DOWN, YOU GET BACK UP, AND YOU GO ON AGAIN.
YOU DON'T STOP.
THE MESSAGE OF THE MUSIC CARRIES YOU FORWARD WHEN YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND, AND YOU CAN'T ARGUE IT LOGICALLY.
>> ♪ WE ARE NOT AFRAID ♪ ♪ WE ARE NOT AFRAID ♪ ♪ WE ARE NOT AFRAID ♪ >> TODAY!
>> ♪ TODAY ♪ ♪ OH, DEEP IN MY HEART ♪ >> I THINK OF PETE SEEGER, WELL, YOU KNOW, HE DID SO MANY HYMNS.
WHITE, BLACK, EVERYBODY WAS WRITING SONGS.
WHEN I LOOK AT MY SONGBOOKS, THEY CAME FROM EVERYWHERE.
>> ♪ HOW MANY ROADS ♪ ♪ MUST A MAN WALK DOWN ♪ ♪ BEFORE YOU CALL HIM A MAN?
♪ >> MUSIC WAS AS VARIED AS THE PEOPLE.
BUT THERE WAS ALWAYS MUSIC.
I SAY THE REASON COMMUNISM FAILED IN THE SOUTH IS, THEY DON'T SING.
>> ♪ HOW MANY YEARS ♪ ♪ CAN SOME PEOPLE EXIST ♪ ♪ BEFORE THEY'RE ALLOWED ♪ ♪ TO BE FREE?
♪ ♪ YES AND HOW MANY TIMES ♪ ♪ CAN A MAN TURN HIS HEAD ♪ ♪ AND PRETEND ♪ ♪ THAT HE JUST ♪ ♪ DOESN'T SEE?
♪ ♪ THE ANSWER MY FRIEND ♪ ♪ IS BLOWIN' THE WIND ♪ ♪ THE ANSWER IS BLOWIN' ♪ ♪ IN THE WIND ♪ >> DURING THE '50s, SAM COOKE WAS JUST THE GOLDEN BOY OF GOSPEL MUSIC.
BUT THEN, IN 1957, SAM HAD VISIONS OF MORE.
HE REALLY THOUGHT THAT HE COULD BECOME MORE THAN JUST A RHYTHM-AND-BLUES SINGER, THAT HE COULD BECOME A POP SINGER, A CROSSOVER SINGER, IF YOU WILL.
FROM YOU SEND ME ON, INTO THE '60s, SAM WAS REALLY FORGING A TREMENDOUS CAREER FOR HIMSELF.
THEN WHEN HE HEARD THE BOB DYLAN BLOWIN' IN THE WIND, AND THIS REALLY GOT HIM THINKING ABOUT THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND ALL THE CHANGES THAT WERE HAPPENING IN THE COUNTRY, CHANGES THAT HE WANTED TO HAPPEN.
THIS WAS WHEN HE GOT THE NUCLEUS TO WRITE THE SONG A CHANGE IS GONNA COME, WHICH HE WROTE ABOUT A YEAR BEFORE HIS UNTIMELY DEATH IN DECEMBER OF 1964.
SO HE NEVER REALIZED A CHANGE IS GONNA COME WAS REALLY GONNA BE HIS LIVING TESTAMENT.
[soulful horn music] ♪ ♪ OTIS REDDING'S VERSION WAS ABOUT A YEAR LATER, 1966.
>> ♪ I WAS BORN ♪ ♪ BY A RIVER, OH, MAN ♪ ♪ IN THIS LITTLE OLD TOWN ♪ ♪ JUST LIKE THIS RIVER ♪ ♪ I'VE BEEN RUNNING EVER SINCE ♪ ♪ IT'S BEEN A LONG, LONG ♪ ♪ LONG TIME COMING ♪ ♪ BUT I KNOW, BUT I KNOW ♪ ♪ CHANGE IS GOTTA COME NOW ♪ ♪ OOH, YES, IT IS ♪ ♪ IT'S BEEN TOO ♪ ♪ HARD LIVING, OH, MY ♪ ♪ AND I'M AFRAID TO DIE ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW ♪ ♪ WHAT'S UP THERE ♪ ♪ BEYOND THE CLOUDS ♪ ♪ IT'S BEEN A LONG, LONG ♪ ♪ LONG TIME COMING ♪ ♪ BUT I KNOW, BUT I KNOW ♪ ♪ CHANGE IS GOTTA COME ♪ ♪ OH, YES, IT IS ♪ >> OTIS REDDING DID A LOT OF OTHER SAM COOKE SONGS ON HIS ALBUMS, BUT HIS VERSION OF A CHANGE IS GONNA COME MIGHT BE THE MOST SOULFUL OF ALL THE VERSIONS, AND THERE'S BEEN DOZENS AND DOZENS OF VERSIONS OF THAT SONG.
BUT I DON'T THINK ANYONE EVER MADE IT BETTER THAN OTIS REDDING.
>> ♪ HE TURNED ME DOWN ♪ ♪ AND THEN I ASKED ♪ ♪ MY DEAR MOTHER, OH ♪ ♪ I SAID MOTHER ♪ ♪ I SAID MOTHER ♪ ♪ I'M DOWN ON MY KNEES ♪ >> WHEN I HEAR SONGS LIKE A CHANGE IS GONNA COME, I REFLECT BACK TO WHAT I WAS DOING WHEN THAT RECORD CAME OUT.
WAS IT I WAS IN JAIL?
WAS I GOING TO A COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION?
>> ♪ TO TRY TO CARRY ON ♪ >> WELL, EVERYBODY WAS WATCHING TV.
AND EVERYBODY SAW WHAT WAS HAPPENING, PARTICULARLY DOWN SOUTH WITH THE WATER HOSES AND EVERYTHING ELSE NEGATIVE THAT WAS HAPPENING AT THAT TIME.
SO NATURALLY, A CHANGE IS GONNA COME MEANT A LOT TO A LOT OF PEOPLE.
>> ♪ SOMEHOW I THOUGHT ♪ ♪ I WAS STILL ABLE ♪ ♪ TO TRY TO CARRY ON ♪ ♪ IT'S BEEN A LONG, LONG ♪ ♪ LONG TIME COMING ♪ ♪ BUT I KNOW, BUT I KNOW ♪ ♪ A CHANGE GOTTA COME ♪ >> THEY WANTED CHANGE.
AND THAT'S WHAT THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT WAS ALL ABOUT.
>> WHEN WE STARTED THE MOVEMENT IN A TOWN, THE WAY WE STARTED WAS, WE WENT IN SINGING THE OLD SPIRITUALS THAT THEY SANG, SEE.
AND THEN WE GRADUALLY SWITCHED THOSE INTO FREEDOM SONGS.
>> SONGS WAS VERY IMPORTANT, BECAUSE THIS WAS ONE OF THE WAYS WE DETERMINED WHETHER OR NOT A COMMUNITY WAS READY FOR A MOVEMENT.
THE FIRST SONG THAT PEOPLE ACTUALLY SANG IN SELMA, ALABAMA-- IT WAS ACTUALLY THREE GIRLS, THREE LITTLE GIRLS STARTED SINGING THIS SONG.
AND THESE THREE LITTLE GIRLS WAS THE THING THAT REALLY INSPIRED ME WHEN THEY STARTED SINGING FREEDOM IS A COMIN'.
AND NO ONE TAUGHT THEM THIS SONG.
THEY MADE IT UP THEMSELVES.
AND THEN PEOPLE JUST CONTINUED TO ADD TO THEM.
IT WENT SOMETHING LIKE, ♪ FREEDOM IS A COMING ♪ ♪ AND IT WON'T BE LONG ♪ ♪ FREEDOM IS A COMING ♪ ♪ HELP US SING THIS SONG ♪ ♪ FREEDOM IS A COMING ♪ ♪ AND IT WON'T BE LONG ♪ ♪ IF YOU WANT TO BE FREE ♪ ♪ COME AND GO WITH ME ♪ ♪ OH, OH, OH, WE ARE FIGHTING ♪ ♪ FOR OUR EQUAL RIGHTS ♪ ♪ SO COME ON ♪ ♪ JOIN IN THE FIGHT ♪ ♪ WE'RE SINGING ALONG ♪ ♪ I HOPE WE'RE NOT ALONE ♪ >> ♪ PEOPLE GET READY ♪ >> ♪ THERE'S A TRAIN A-COMIN' ♪ >> ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO BAGGAGE ♪ ♪ YOU JUST GET ON BOARD ♪ ♪ ALL YOU NEED IS FAITH ♪ ♪ TO HEAR THE DIESEL'S HUMMIN' ♪ ♪ DON'T NEED NO TICKET ♪ ♪ YOU JUST THANK THE LORD ♪ >> THE SINGING WAS A FORM OF PROTEST, BUT MORE THAN THAT, A SONG WAS WHAT YOU CALL HEALING FOR US, BECAUSE WE SUFFERED MANY WOUNDS.
>> ♪ PICKING UP PASSENGERS ♪ ♪ COAST TO COAST ♪ ♪ FAITH IS THE KEY ♪ ♪ OPEN THE DOORS ♪ ♪ AND BOARD THEM ♪ ♪ THERE'S HOPE FOR ALL ♪ ♪ AMONG THOSE LOVED THE MOST ♪ >> THOSE WERE THE SONGS THAT THE DISC JOCKEYS PLAYED, AND THEY SELECTED THOSE, SEE.
THEY COULD NOT MAKE ANY ANNOUNCEMENTS, EVEN ABOUT OUR MASS MEETINGS.
AND THEY COULD NOT REPORT.
BUT THEY ALWAYS ATTENDED OUR MASS MEETINGS.
AND THEY ALWAYS FOUND SOME WAY TO USE SOME SONGS TO LET PEOPLE KNOW.
I MEAN, ONE I REMEMBER IN THAT CONTEXT WAS PEOPLE GET READY.
>> WELL, CURTIS STARTED IN A GOSPEL GROUP.
AND JERRY BUTLER WAS ALSO IN THAT GROUP FOR A TIME.
AND THAT BECAME, ESSENTIALLY, THE IMPRESSIONS.
>> CURTIS MAYFIELD WAS ONE OF THE REAL LEGITIMATE GENIUSES OF OUR TIME.
AND IT WAS OUT OF HIS PLAYING AND OUT OF HIS CONCEPT OF MUSIC THAT THE IMPRESSIONS BECAME WHAT THEY WERE.
>> IF YOU LISTEN TO THE IMPRESSIONS' MUSIC, PEOPLE GET READY OR AMEN, MEETING OVER YONDER, YOU REALLY HEAR THE GOSPEL ROOTS COMING RIGHT OUT OF CURTIS.
NOW, WHEN HE DECIDED TO GO SOLO AND THE IMPRESSIONS WENT ON THEIR WAY, HE WAS TRYING TO BE SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS ABOUT THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND THE PLIGHT OF HIS PEOPLE AT THAT TIME.
>> ♪ PEOPLE GET READY ♪ ♪ THERE'S A TRAIN A-COMIN' ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO BAGGAGE ♪ ♪ YOU JUST GET ON BOARD ♪ ♪ ALL YOU NEED IS FAITH ♪ ♪ TO HEAR THE DIESEL'S HUMMIN' ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO TICKET ♪ ♪ YOU JUST THANK THE LORD ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ SO PEOPLE GET READY ♪ ♪ FOR THE TRAIN TO JORDAN ♪ ♪ PICKING UP PASSENGERS ♪ ♪ COAST TO COAST ♪ ♪ FAITH IS THE KEY ♪ ♪ OPEN THE DOORS ♪ ♪ AND BOARD THEM ♪ ♪ THERE'S HOPE FOR ALL ♪ ♪ AMONG THOSE LOVED THE MOST ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ THERE AIN'T NO ROOM ♪ ♪ FOR THE HOPELESS SINNER ♪ ♪ WHO WOULD HURT ALL MANKIND ♪ ♪ JUST TO SAVE HIS OWN ♪ ♪ HAVE PITY ON THOSE ♪ ♪ WHOSE CHANCES GROW THINNER ♪ ♪ FOR THERE'S NO HIDING PLACE ♪ ♪ AGAINST THE KINGDOM'S THRONE ♪ ♪ YOU KNOW THERE'S ♪ ♪ NO HIDING PLACE ♪ ♪ THERE'S NO HIDING PLACE ♪ ♪ SO PEOPLE GET READY ♪ ♪ THERE'S A TRAIN A-COMIN' ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO BAGGAGE ♪ ♪ YOU JUST GET ON BOARD ♪ ♪ ALL YOU NEED IS FAITH ♪ ♪ TO HEAR THE DIESEL'S HUMMIN' ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO TICKET ♪ ♪ YOU JUST THANK THE LORD ♪ ♪ I SAY YOU JUST ♪ ♪ THANK THE LORD ♪ ♪ YOU JUST THANK THE LORD ♪ ♪ THAT'S WHY I'M HERE TO SAY ♪ ♪ THAT I BELIEVE ♪ ♪ I BELIEVE ♪ ♪ WE'RE GONNA MAKE IT ♪ ♪ WE'RE GONNA MAKE IT ♪ ♪ AS A HUMAN RACE ♪ ♪ PEOPLE GOT TO BELIEVE ♪ ♪ I BELIEVE ♪ ♪ I BELIEVE ♪ ♪ I BELIEVE ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T NEED NO TICKET ♪ ♪ YOU JUST THANK THE LORD ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ PEOPLE GET READY ♪ ♪ PEOPLE GET READY NOW ♪ >> WE WERE SUCCESSFULLY DOING SOMETHING EVERY DAY THAT COULD NOT BE ACHIEVED OUTSIDE THE STUDIOS.
FIRSTLY, WE'D INTEGRATED.
THAT WAS UNIQUE.
THAT IS PART OF THE LIFE OF CREATIVE PEOPLE, IN THAT WE LIVE IN A PLACE THAT'S A LITTLE DIFFERENT, BECAUSE WHAT WE DO CREATIVELY IS TRY TO INTERPRET WHAT'S GOING ON AROUND US, AND WE PRESUME, FROM THAT PERSPECTIVE, UNIQUE AND SPECIAL INSIGHT AS TO WHAT'S RIGHT, WHAT SHOULD BE DONE.
>> WE WORKED QUITE WELL TOGETHER.
I THINK THAT WAS THE FIRST-- AS I KNEW IT, THE FIRST INTEGRATED SESSION MUSICIANS IN A STUDIO, STAX.
IT WAS IN THE FOREFRONT.
WE DID A LOT OF GROUNDBREAKING THINGS.
I REMEMBER THE FIRST INTEGRATED BAND PLAYING A NIGHT CLUB WAS BEN BRANCH.
HE HAD A GUITARIST, WHITE BOY NAMED CHARLIE FREEMAN.
IT WAS A BIG DEAL.
CAN YOU BELIEVE IT?
IN THOSE DAYS, WHITE BOY PLAYING WITH A BUNCH OF BLACK GUYS, IT WAS A BIG DEAL.
>> IT WAS ABOUT, BE FREE.
BE YOUR OWN PERSON.
HOW DO YOU RELATE TO OTHERS?
HOW DO YOU THINK ABOUT OTHERS?
HOW DO YOU DEMAND RESPECT FOR YOUR OWN DIGNITY AND DIGNIFY OTHERS?
>> WE WERE TIRED AS HELL.
WE WEREN'T GONNA TAKE IT ANYMORE, AND THE SONGS STARTED TO REFLECT THAT.
>> ♪ HOUND DOGS ON MY TRAIL ♪ ♪ SCHOOLCHILDREN ♪ ♪ SITTIN' IN JAIL ♪ ♪ BLACK CAT CROSS MY PATH ♪ ♪ I THINK EVERY DAY'S ♪ ♪ GONNA BE MY LAST ♪ ♪ LORD HAVE MERCY ♪ ♪ ON THIS LAND OF MINE ♪ ♪ WE ALL GONNA GET IT ♪ ♪ IN DUE TIME ♪ ♪ I DON'T BELONG HERE ♪ ♪ I DON'T BELONG THERE ♪ ♪ I'VE EVEN STOPPED ♪ ♪ BELIEVING IN PRAYER ♪ ♪ DON'T TELL ME ♪ ♪ I'LL TELL YOU ♪ ♪ ME AND MY PEOPLE ♪ ♪ JUST ABOUT DUE ♪ ♪ I'VE BEEN THERE ♪ ♪ SO I KNOW ♪ ♪ THEY KEEP ON SAYING ♪ ♪ GO SLOW ♪ ♪ THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY ♪ ♪ GO SLOW ♪ ♪ THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY ♪ ♪ GO SLOW ♪ ♪ THAT'S WHAT'S THE TROUBLE ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ WASHING THE WINDOWS ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ PICKING THE COTTON ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ WE'RE NOTHING BUT ROTTEN ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ WE'RE TOO DAMN LAZY ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ OUR THINKING'S CRAZY ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ WHERE AM I GOING?
♪ ♪ WHAT AM I DOING?
♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW ♪ ♪ JUST TRY TO DO ♪ ♪ YOUR VERY BEST ♪ ♪ STAND UP, BE COUNTED ♪ ♪ WITH ALL THE REST ♪ ♪ EVERYBODY ♪ ♪ KNOWS ABOUT ♪ ♪ MISSISSIPPI ♪ ♪ GODDAM ♪ [scatting] ♪ ♪ ♪ PICKET LINES ♪ ♪ SCHOOL BOYCOTTS ♪ ♪ THEY TRY TO SAY ♪ ♪ IT'S A COMMUNIST PLOT ♪ ♪ BUT ALL I WANT ♪ ♪ IS EQUALITY ♪ ♪ FOR MY SISTER ♪ ♪ MY BROTHER ♪ ♪ MY PEOPLE AND ME ♪ ♪ MY PEOPLE AND ME ♪ ♪ YOU LIED TO ME ♪ ♪ ALL THESE YEARS ♪ ♪ YOU TOLD ME TO WASH ♪ ♪ AND CLEAN MY EARS ♪ ♪ AND TALK REAL FINE ♪ ♪ JUST LIKE A LADY ♪ ♪ AND YOU'D STOP CALLING ME ♪ ♪ SISTER SADIE ♪ ♪ OH, BUT MY COUNTRY'S ♪ ♪ FULL OF LIES ♪ ♪ WE ALL GONNA DIE ♪ ♪ AND DIE LIKE FLIES ♪ ♪ I DON'T TRUST NOBODY ♪ ♪ ANYMORE ♪ ♪ THEY KEEP ON SAYING ♪ ♪ GO SLOW ♪ ♪ YEAH, THAT'S WHAT THEY SAY ♪ ♪ GO SLOW ♪ ♪ WELL, THAT'S JUST ♪ ♪ THE TROUBLE ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ DESEGREGATION ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ MASS PARTICIPATION ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ REUNIFICATION ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ DO THINGS GRADUALLY ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ BUT BRING MORE TRAGEDY ♪ >> ♪ DO IT SLOW ♪ >> ♪ WHY DON'T YOU SEE IT?
♪ ♪ WHY DON'T YOU FEEL IT?
♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW ♪ ♪ YOU DON'T HAVE TO LIVE ♪ ♪ NEXT TO ME ♪ ♪ JUST GIVE ME MY EQUALITY ♪ ♪ 'CAUSE EVERYBODY ♪ ♪ KNOWS ABOUT ♪ ♪ MISSISSIPPI ♪ ♪ EVERYBODY ♪ ♪ KNOWS ABOUT ♪ ♪ ALABAMA ♪ ♪ EVERYBODY ♪ ♪ KNOWS ABOUT ♪ ♪ MISSISSIPPI ♪ ♪ GODDAM ♪ THAT'S IT!
[applause] >> IT'S JUST LIKE ONE OF THOSE THINGS, THAT YOU CAN'T SEPARATE THE NEWS FROM THE MUSIC.
YOU CAN'T SEPARATE THE PICTURES FROM THE VOICES.
WHY IS MY MOTHER WEARING AN AFRO, AS OPPOSED TO THREE YEARS AGO, SHE WAS WEARING A WIG?
>> YOU'RE GONNA SIT IN FRONT OF YOUR TELEVISION SET AND LISTEN TO LBJ TELL YOU THAT, "VIOLENCE NEVER ACCOMPLISHES ANYTHING, MY FELLOW AMERICANS."
[cheering and laughter] BUT YOU SEE, THE REAL PROBLEM WITH VIOLENCE IS THAT WE HAVE NEVER BEEN VIOLENT.
WE HAVE BEEN TOO NONVIOLENT.
[cheering] >> THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, THE MOVEMENTS OF PROTEST BECAME VIOLENT.
NONVIOLENCE WAS DROPPED VERY HAPPILY BY MANY IN THE BLACK MOVEMENT AND IN THE WHITE MOVEMENTS IN THE 1960s.
[indistinct chanting] [funky music] ♪ ♪ >> ♪ WHAT YOU WANT ♪ ♪ BABY, I GOT IT ♪ ♪ WHAT YOU NEED ♪ ♪ YOU KNOW I GOT IT ♪ ♪ ALL I'M ASKIN' ♪ ♪ IS FOR A LITTLE RESPECT ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ ♪ BABY ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ >> ♪ JUST A LITTLE BIT ♪ >> ♪ SISTER ♪ >> ♪ JUST A LITTLE BIT ♪ >> ♪ YEAH, YEAH ♪ ♪ I AIN'T GONNA DO YOU WRONG ♪ ♪ WHILE YOU'RE GONE ♪ ♪ I AIN'T GONNA DO YOU WRONG ♪ ♪ BECAUSE I DON'T WANT TO ♪ ♪ ALL I'M ASKIN' ♪ ♪ IS FOR A LITTLE RESPECT ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ ♪ YEAH, BABY ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ ♪ OH, YEAH ♪ >> ♪ JUST A LITTLE BIT ♪ >> ♪ I'M ABOUT TO GIVE YOU ♪ ♪ ALL OF MY MONEY ♪ ♪ AND ALL I'M ASKIN' ♪ ♪ IN RETURN, HONEY ♪ ♪ IS TO GIVE ME ♪ ♪ MY PROPERS ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ ♪ YEAH, BABY ♪ ♪ WHEN YOU GET HOME ♪ ♪ OH, YEAH ♪ ♪ OOH ♪ ♪ ♪ [somber piano music] ♪ ♪ >> ♪ PRECIOUS LORD ♪ ♪ ♪ >> 1968, APRIL 4TH, I WAS WITH MARTIN LUTHER KING IN MEMPHIS.
WE'D HAD A STAFF MEETING PREVIOUSLY IN ATLANTA, PLANNING FOR THE POOR PEOPLE'S CAMPAIGN.
>> ♪ OOH, OH, OH, OOH, OH ♪ ♪ LET ME STAND ♪ >> AND THEY KEPT CALLING ON HIM IN MEMPHIS, IF HE'LL JUST COME TO MEMPHIS JUST FOR ONE DAY.
SO WE REGROUPED THE STAFF, AND WE ALL WENT TO MEMPHIS.
>> ♪ I AM WEAK ♪ ♪ I AM LONE ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ THROUGH THE STORM ♪ >> SO WE STARTED TALKING THAT NIGHT, THE 3RD OF APRIL, ON THE GENERAL CAMPAIGN AND WHAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO.
NEXT MORNING, I GOT THIS THING LAID OUT, SO WE WERE TALKING AFTER THE STAFF MEETING ABOUT THE POOR PEOPLE'S CAMPAIGN AND WHAT I WAS GOING TO DO IN WASHINGTON, D.C. OUT OF THE BLUE, MARTIN LUTHER KING SAID TO ME-- WE WERE THERE ALONE IN THE ROOM.
HE SAYS, "NOW, BERNARD, THE NEXT CAMPAIGN WE WILL HAVE IS TO INSTITUTIONALIZE AND INTERNATIONALIZE NONVIOLENCE.
THOSE ARE THE LAST WORDS.
>> ♪ PRECIOUS LORD ♪ ♪ AND LEAD ♪ ♪ ME HOME ♪ ♪ ♪ >> ♪ I HEAR SOMEBODY CRYIN' ♪ ♪ MM-HMM ♪ ♪ CRYIN' IN THE STREET ♪ >> ♪ OH, YES, THEY ARE ♪ >> ♪ I HEAR SOMEBODY CRYIN' ♪ >> A SNIPER IS ONLY A COWARD, NOT A HERO.
AND AN UNCONTROLLED OR UNCONTROLLABLE MOB IS ONLY THE VOICE OF MADNESS, NOT THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE.
>> DR. KING'S ASSASSINATION IMPACTED EVERYBODY AT STAX.
MUSICALLY, I SHUT DOWN.
I COULDN'T WRITE.
I COULDN'T DO ANYTHING.
I WAS SO BITTER, 'CAUSE THEY KILLED MY LEADER.
BUT I REALIZE THAT I WAS BETTER SUITED AT WHAT I DO BEST.
I CAN INFLUENCE PEOPLE WITH MUSIC.
>> IN 1968, WHEN MARTIN LUTHER KING WAS ASSASSINATED, THE RIOTS STARTED.
THE MAYOR OF BOSTON THEN, KEVIN WHITE, DECIDED TO CANCEL THE CONCERT THAT WAS SCHEDULED AT THE BOSTON GARDEN WITH JAMES BROWN.
JAMES GOT ON THE RADIO, AND HE APPEALED TO FOLKS TO CALM DOWN, AND INSTEAD OF COMING OUT TO THE CONCERT, THAT HE MADE AN ARRANGEMENT WITH CHANNEL 2, A PBS STATION, TO BROADCAST THE SHOW LIVE ON TELEVISION.
>> THIS COUNTRY OWES A GREAT THANKS TO JAMES BROWN.
AND WE'RE LUCKY THAT WE HAVE HIM HERE TONIGHT WITH US.
GIVE ANOTHER ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR JAMES BROWN.
>> THEY COULD STAY HOME AND WATCH HIM DO THE SHOW, DIDN'T HAVE TO BUY A TICKET.
[upbeat music] ♪ ♪ >> ♪ I DON'T CARE ♪ ♪ ABOUT YOUR PAST ♪ ♪ I JUST WANT ♪ ♪ OUR LOVE TO LAST ♪ ♪ I DON'T CARE ♪ ♪ ABOUT YOUR FAULTS ♪ [screeches] [upbeat soul music] ♪ ♪ >> AND JAMES BROWN WENT ON AND DID THAT SHOW, AND IT WAS FANTASTIC.
IT REALLY SAVED THE CITY OF BOSTON, BECAUSE THAT NIGHT WAS VERY, VERY PEACEFUL.
MOST EVERYBODY WAS HOME WATCHING THEIR TV AND WATCHING JAMES BROWN.
>> JAMES BROWN SAID IT ALL FOR ME WHEN I WAS YOUNG.
SAY IT LOUD: I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD, IT SAID IT ALL.
>> ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SAY IT LOUD ♪ ♪ I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD ♪ ♪ SOME SAY IT'S MALICE ♪ ♪ SOME SAY IT'S A LOT OF NERVE ♪ ♪ SAY WE CAN'T QUIT MOVIN' ♪ ♪ TILL WE GET ♪ ♪ WHAT WE DESERVE ♪ >> WHEN I READ ABOUT WRITERS WRITING KIND OF, LIKE, IN RETRO ABOUT MOTOWN BEING A SOFT MUSIC, I DON'T HEAR THAT AT ALL, 'CAUSE I'M NINE YEARS OLD, AND EDWIN STARR COMES OUT WITH WAR, 'CAUSE THAT'S THE SOUNDTRACK OF WHAT WAS HAPPENING, YOU KNOW, WHETHER IT'S THE WATTS RIOTS, WHETHER IT WAS, YOU KNOW, THE DETROIT RIOTS IN '67 OR NEWARK IN '68.
>> STEVIE, WELL, HE WAS ALWAYS SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS.
AND I THINK ONCE HE BECAME THIS STAR, HE DECIDED THAT, YOU KNOW, HE WANTED TO BE AT THE FOREFRONT.
>> ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE CHILD ♪ ♪ WHO NEVER HAD A HOME ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE GIRL ♪ ♪ WHO WALKS THE STREETS ALONE ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE ROSES ♪ ♪ IF THE BOMBS BEGIN TO FALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN... ♪ >> I THINK THAT WE CAN DO BETTER.
I THINK THAT RACES, BLACKS AND WHITES, CAN START GETTING ALONG TOGETHER.
[cheering] >> ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE BLACK MAN ♪ ♪ IF HE STRUGGLES ONE MORE DAY ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE WHITE MAN ♪ ♪ IF HE TURNS HIS BACK AWAY ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP THE MAN ♪ ♪ WHO KICKS THE MAN ♪ ♪ WHO HAS TO CRAWL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ♪ ♪ LORD HEAR OUR CALL ♪ ♪ WHEN WE CALL ♪ ♪ WHOA, OH, OH, YEAH ♪ >> WHAT HAS VIOLENCE EVER ACCOMPLISHED?
WHAT HAS IT EVER CREATED?
NO MARTYR'S CAUSE HAS EVER BEEN STILLED BY AN ASSASSIN'S BULLET.
VIOLENCE BREEDS VIOLENCE, AND ONLY A CLEANSING OF OUR WHOLE SOCIETY CAN REMOVE THIS SICKNESS FROM OUR SOULS.
>> MR. CHAIRMAN, MOST DELEGATES OF THIS CONVENTION DO NOT KNOW THAT THOUSANDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE ARE BEING BEATEN IN THE STREETS OF CHICAGO.
>> WITH GEORGE MCGOVERN AS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, WE WOULDN'T HAVE TO HAVE GESTAPO TACTICS IN THE STREETS OF CHICAGO.
>> ♪ NOW I LAY ME DOWN ♪ ♪ BEFORE I GO TO SLEEP ♪ ♪ IN A TROUBLED WORLD ♪ ♪ I PRAY THE LORD TO KEEP ♪ ♪ KEEP HATRED FROM THE MIGHTY ♪ ♪ AND THE MIGHTY ♪ ♪ FROM THE SMALL, YEAH ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP ♪ ♪ US ALL ♪ ♪ OH, YEAH ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ I NEED YOU, LORD ♪ ♪ TO HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ NEED YOU, LORD ♪ ♪ WE NEED YOU NOW ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ WE NEED YOU LORD ♪ ♪ AND WE NEED YOU NOW ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP US ALL ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ DON'T YOU KNOW IT ♪ ♪ WE NEED YOU DOWN HERE LORD ♪ ♪ TO HELP US ♪ ♪ HEAVEN HELP ♪ ♪ US ALL ♪ ♪ YEAH, YEAH ♪ >> THE TIMES WERE REFLECTED IN THE MUSIC.
WE SANG ABOUT SOME OF OUR EXPERIENCES, AND THAT'S WHAT A LOT OF THE MUSIC WAS ABOUT, SOME OF THE TIMES WE HAD COME THROUGH AND WHAT PEOPLE NEEDED TO BE DOING.
>> CURTIS MAYFIELD AND KEEP ON PUSHING.
OTIS REDDING AND, "R-E-S-P-E-C-T, FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS TO ME."
AND THEN YOU COME DOWN TO MARVIN GAYE, EVEN.
>> AND THE ALBUM WAS WHAT'S GOING ON.
IT IS, TO MY MIND, ONE OF THE MOST SOULFUL, POIGNANT MESSAGES ABOUT THE WORLD AND ITS SITUATION THAT I'VE HEARD FROM ANY SINGER AT ANY TIME.
>> ♪ MOTHER, MOTHER ♪ ♪ THERE'S TOO MANY ♪ ♪ OF YOU CRYING ♪ ♪ BROTHER, BROTHER, BROTHER ♪ ♪ THERE'S FAR TOO MANY ♪ ♪ OF YOU DYING ♪ ♪ YOU KNOW WE'VE ♪ ♪ GOT TO FIND A WAY ♪ ♪ TO BRING SOME LOVIN' ♪ ♪ HERE TODAY ♪ ♪ FATHER, FATHER ♪ ♪ WE DON'T NEED TO ESCALATE ♪ ♪ WAR IS NOT THE ANSWER ♪ ♪ FOR ONLY LOVE CAN ♪ ♪ CONQUER HATE ♪ ♪ YOU KNOW WE'VE GOT TO ♪ ♪ FIND A WAY ♪ ♪ TO BRING SOME LOVIN' ♪ ♪ OH, HERE TODAY ♪ ♪ PICKET LINES ♪ ♪ PICKET SIGNS ♪ ♪ PUNISH ME ♪ ♪ WITH BRUTALITY ♪ ♪ TALK TO ME ♪ ♪ HONEY, SO YOU CAN SEE ♪ ♪ OH, WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ YEAH, WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ TELL ME WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ OOH ♪ ♪ WHOO ♪ ♪ AH, YA, YA, YA, YA, BABY ♪ ♪ HEY ♪ ♪ WHOO ♪ [scatting] ♪ ♪ ♪ MOTHER, MOTHER ♪ ♪ EVERYBODY THINKS WE'RE WRONG ♪ ♪ THEY DO ♪ ♪ OH, BUT WHO ARE THEY ♪ ♪ TO JUDGE US ♪ ♪ SIMPLY BECAUSE ♪ ♪ OUR HAIR IS LONG ♪ ♪ PEOPLE, YOU, YOU, YOU KNOW ♪ ♪ WE'VE GOT TO FIND A WAY ♪ ♪ TO BRING SOME UNDERSTANDING ♪ ♪ HERE TODAY ♪ ♪ PICKET LINES ♪ ♪ PICKET SIGNS ♪ ♪ PEOPLE DON'T PUNISH ME ♪ ♪ WITH BRUTALITY ♪ ♪ TALK TO ME ♪ ♪ TALK TO ME ♪ ♪ TALK TO ME ♪ ♪ SO YOU CAN SEE ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ YEAH, WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ WANT TO KNOW ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ ALL RIGHT ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ OH, OH, BABY ♪ ♪ HEE, AH-HEE, AH-HEE ♪ ♪ WHOO, WHAT'S GOING ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ I WANT TO KNOW ♪ ♪ I WANT TO KNOW BABY ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON ♪ ♪ NA, NA, NA, NA, NA ♪ ♪ NA, NA, NA ♪ ♪ WHOO ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ I WANT TO KNOW ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON, BABY ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ YES, I WANT TO KNOW, YEAH ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON RIGHT NOW ♪ ♪ PEOPLE ♪ ♪ WHOA, HO, HO, HO, HO, HO ♪ ♪ WHAT'S GOING ON, BROTHER ♪ ♪ TELL ME, TELL ME, TELL ME ♪ ♪ TELL ME, YEAH ♪ >> IT'S A MUSIC THAT HAS TRANSCENDED AND GONE ABOVE EVERYTHING THAT SOCIETY SAID WE WERE NOT ALLOWED TO DO.
BLACK PEOPLE, WHITE PEOPLE, ALL COLORS OF PEOPLE HAVE ENJOYED THIS MUSIC.
AND NO MATTER WHAT COMES AND WHAT GOES, THEY'RE NOT EVER GONNA REALLY GET RID OF IT.
IT'S TOO BASIC.
IT'S TOO REAL.
>> ♪ I KNOW A PLACE ♪ ♪ BOY ♪ ♪ AIN'T NOBODY CRYIN' ♪ ♪ NO ♪ ♪ AIN'T NOBODY WORRIED ♪ ♪ NO ♪ ♪ AIN'T NO SMILIN' FACES ♪ ♪ UH-UH, NO, NO ♪ ♪ LYING TO THE RACES ♪ ♪ NO, NO, NO, NO ♪ ♪ HELP ME NOW ♪ ♪ CHA-MON CHA-MON ♪ ♪ SOMEBODY HELP ME HERE ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ YEAH, YEAH ♪ ♪ HELP ME NOW ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ HELP ME NOW ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ HELP ME ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ OH, OH, OH ♪ ♪ MERCY ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ OH, OH ♪ ♪ LET ME TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ OH, HA, OH, OH, LET ME ♪ ♪ TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ I'LL TAKE YOU THERE ♪ >> ♪ HERE IT COMES ♪ ♪ OH, PLAY YOUR ♪ ♪ PLAY YOUR PIANO NOW ♪ ♪ ALL RIGHT ♪ ♪ ALL RIGHT ♪ ♪ DO IT, YEAH ♪ ♪ DO IT, YEAH ♪ ♪ CHA-MON NOW ♪ ♪ PLAY ON IT ♪ ♪ PLAY ON IT ♪ ♪ HELP ME, DADDY, NOW ♪ ♪ DADDY, DADDY ♪ ♪ DADDY, YEAH ♪ ♪ YEAH, YEAH, YEAH ♪ ♪ BOY ♪ ♪ WHOA, OH ♪ >> ALL ARTISTS ARE NOT THE SAME.
THERE ARE SOME WHO'S OUT THERE WHO ARE TRYING TO RECAP WHAT WE HAD IN THE '60s OR IN THE MOVEMENT.
I THINK THEY BEGAN TO REALIZE WHAT HAS GONE WRONG WITHIN THE LAST 15 OR 20 YEARS, AND THEY'RE TRYING TO MAKE AMEND TO THIS.
AND I THINK MUSIC WILL BE THE KEY, 'CAUSE WE ALL LOVE MUSIC.
>> ALL RIGHT, OUR TIME IS UP NOW.
BUT JUST BEFORE WE LEAVE YOU, WE'D LIKE TO LEAVE WITH THIS LITTLE TESTIMONY, GOES SOMETHING LIKE THIS.
>> ♪ I'M A SOLDIER ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY OF THE LORD ♪ >> ♪ HARD FIGHTING SOLDIER ♪ ♪ TONIGHT, Y'ALL ♪ ♪ I'M A WARRIOR, YEAH ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY OF THE LORD ♪ >> ♪ SOLDIER ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY ♪ ♪ ♪ >> OUR PEOPLE TOLD OUR STORY WITH MUSIC.
AND SO WE WILL FIND SOME WAY OF USING MUSIC.
>> ♪ SOLDIER ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY OF THE LORD ♪ >> ♪ HARD FIGHTING SOLDIER ♪ ♪ TONIGHT, Y'ALL ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY ♪ >> ♪ I'M A WARRIOR, YEAH ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY OF THE LORD ♪ >> ♪ SOLDIER ♪ >> TO ME, THERE IS NO OTHER MUSIC THAT, CERTAINLY, HAS EVER STARTED IN THIS COUNTRY, AMERICA, THAT DIDN'T COME FROM BLACK MUSIC.
FROM ROCK AND ROLL TO EVERYTHING ELSE IN THIS COUNTRY, ALL STARTED WITH BLACK MUSIC.
>> THAT'S WHY BLUES IS, LIKE, IT CARRIES A HEAVY LOAD.
SPIRITUALS CARRIES A HEAVY LOAD.
SOUL CARRIES A HEAVY LOAD.
>> ♪ I'M A WARRIOR ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY OF THE LORD ♪ >> ♪ SOLDIER ♪ >> ♪ IN THE ARMY ♪ >> ♪ WELL I GOT A MOTHER ♪ ♪ IN THE PROMISED LAND ♪ ♪ I'M NOT GONNA STOP ♪ ♪ UNTIL I SHAKE HER HAND ♪ ♪ I'M GONNA SHAKE SHAKE SHAKE ♪ ♪ SHAKE SHAKE ♪ ♪ SHAKE SHAKE SHAKE ♪ ♪ SHAKE SHAKE ♪ >> THEY'RE LOOKING FOR MUSIC TO BE DEEPER IN CONTENT, DEEPER IN MEANING AND PURPOSE.
IT'S EVERYWHERE.
MORE THAN EVER BEFORE, MUSIC IS THE SOUNDTRACK OF OUR LIVES.
>> ♪ ARMY ♪ ♪ ♪ [cheers and applause] >> THANK YOU!
>> ♪ LORD, YOU'VE BEEN AWAY ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW WHERE ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU SURE BEEN ♪ ♪ GOOD TO ME ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU'VE BEEN AWAY ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW WHERE ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU SURE BEEN ♪ ♪ GOOD TO ME ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU BEEN AWAY ♪ ♪ I DON'T KNOW WHERE ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU SURE BEEN ♪ ♪ GOOD TO ME ♪ ♪ LORD, YOU'VE BEEN BETTER ♪ ♪ TO ME ♪ ♪ THAN I'VE BEEN TO MYSELF ♪ ♪ BEEN TO MYSELF ♪
